Channels in Go provide a powerful means of communication between goroutines, and understanding their usage is crucial for concurrent programming. This lesson explores how to restrict channels to either sending or receiving operations, enhances function design with an example of a `countFiles` function that processes file counts concurrently, and demonstrates error handling using both structured results and dedicated error channels. The concept of the `select` statement is introduced to handle multiple channels efficiently, allowing for asynchronous processing without deadlock. Key strategies include setting up goroutines correctly, using synchronization with wait groups, and implementing robust error checks, ultimately highlighting the trade-offs between code simplicity and complexity when managing multiple channels.